Gretchen Tai: possibly the best fund manager you have never heard of

Please note: much to my surprise these returns are entirely genuine. I was originally skeptical. I am now convinced.


A little while ago I worked through HP's defined benefit pension fund - trying to work out how underfunded it is (and hence work out the true debt levels at Hewlett Packard). Most defined benefit funds are underfunded. They assume 8% returns in their actuarial assumptions and are two thirds are invested in debt. (It is of course impossible to get long term returns in debt substantially above the starting yield.)

Whilst I was looking for funded status what caught my eye were the very fine returns they had on assets - particularly in the US defined benefit fund - and particularly over the past three years. I can't quite work out how they do it.

I tried to compare the fund to other large endowments (Harvard) and also very large similar pension funds (Ford). This comparison is made harder because Harvard and Yale have 30 June balance dates, Ford has a year-end balance date and Hewlett Packard has an end of October balance date. This difference in balance date is particularly important for the 2009 year which includes more of the crisis and less of the bounce for October balancing funds than December balancing funds.

I would love to go further back - when doing this analysis - but it is a little hard. The size of the asset pool roughly doubled in August 2008 when Hewlett Packard acquired EDS and combined the asset-pool for their defined benefit funds.

This post goes through the various HP Form 10Ks and various press articles quoting the Chief Investment Officer (Gretchen Tai) and tries to piece together how they do it.

Returns to October 2009

Here is a table outlining returns of the three main pools in the year to October 2009 (source 2009 form 10K):

This disclosure reveals the US Defined Benefit Plan made $1509 million in profit on starting fair value in assets of $7313 million . That is 20.63 percent. Given the fund paid out $506 million in benefits and settlements the returns for that year were - money weighted - probably nearer to 21 percent.

From October to early March the year was not fun either. Then the market bounced with a ferocity that only happens when the consensus is almost entirely hopeless.

There is a limited disclosure on how the money was invested.

This is a fairly conventional 60-40 split - with 40 percent in equities and 60 percent in public debt securities. There was a small amount of cash. The equities included 10.9 percent allocated to private equity funds.

These numbers are exceptionally good. Here are some comparables:

	2009
S&P 500 Total Return (incl. Dividends)	9.8%
MSCI Global ex US	30.2%
Barcap iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bonds	3.2%
Barcap iShares 3-7 Year Treasury Bonds	2.1%
Barcap iShares Short Treasury Bonds	-0.1%
Barcap Intermediate Investment Grade	16.0%
SPDR Barclays High Yield Bonds	21.2%
Ishares iBoxx Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	20.6%

If you are going to get returns of 20 percent out of a diversified 60 percent bonds, 40 percent equities portfolio in this year it is going to have to be roughly one half in non-US equities (thus benefiting from that 30 plus percent return in non-US equities). The bonds are going to have be exclusively in beaten up junk bonds and beaten up corporates.

The returns however are not impossible. There were a few indices that performed even better. For instance emerging market debt returned just shy of 40 percent in that twelve month period and the MSCI emerging market equity index was up 64 percent. But those things were badly beaten up in the crisis.

A 21 percent return in the year to October 2009 on a huge sum required the calm rationality to buy the really cheap stuff when everyone is panicking. It speaks to Gretchen Tai's calm excellence.

Returns to October 2010

The 2010 returns are not as spectacular (you can't get 21 percent every year) but they are extremely impressive. The key disclosure as to the returns (from the relevant 10K) is here.

The returns were $1224 million on starting capital of $8371 million. That is a more modest 14.6 percent.

The book again targeted a 60 percent bonds, 40 percent equity mix. They had just shy of 40 percent equities but they also held roughly 5 percent in cash at year end.

For the first time there is disclosure on the private equity securities they hold. The fund contains "level 3" assets. It worried me that the good returns were from mark-to-myth accounting - but it seems not. During that year they booked zero gains on the level 3 assets. Indeed there was a detailed disclosure.

Indeed given that we know how many level 3 assets were held its useful to work out the returns on non-level 3 assets.

There were $7440 million in non-level 3 assets at the beginning of the year (8371-931). All the returns - $1224 million - were on these. That is a 16.5 percent return on the non-level 3 assets. As there were net withdrawals from the fund over the year the money-weighted returns were even higher.

Again this is darn impressive. We can compare to the usual indices:

	2010
S&P 500 Total Return (incl. Dividends)	16.5%
MSCI Global ex US	9.8%
Barcap iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bonds	4.8%
Barcap iShares 3-7 Year Treasury Bonds	5.6%
Barcap iShares Short Treasury Bonds	0.0%
Barcap Intermediate Investment Grade	5.0%
SPDR Barclays High Yield Bonds	7.6%
Ishares iBoxx Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	6.3%

Against this 16.5 percent is very impressive. There must have been some mighty nice picking. Again a big overweight position in emerging markets would help. Emerging market debt put on another 17.7 percent and the MSCI emerging market index put on almost 24 percent. Whist the Barclays high yield index was not impressive (7.6 percent) some bond indices did better (there were very high returns for some long dated inflation adjusted bonds for instance).

As a rule persistence in ownership of the things most beaten up in the crisis (emerging markets, deeply discounted junk bonds) was one way of getting these returns.

The 2010 form 10K gives - for the first time - a more detailed breakdown of assets.

The portfolio is more balanced than the returns suggest. They do own some non-US market equities but they do not disclose what proportion are "emerging market" equities. They also own a lot of corporate bonds and do not disclose what proportion are emerging market bonds. Whatever - on this sort of portfolio the returns are very fine indeed.

The 2011 returns

The 2011 returns (whilst lower still) were also impressive. The key disclosure is in the 2011 form 10K:

The returns were $1389 million on $9427 million or 14.7 percent.

However this year some of the returns came from Level 3 assets. We have the following disclosure:

In this we see that 282 million of gains came from Level 3 assets - 155 of that from assets actually disposed of (so they were gains received in cash). The starting level 3 assets were 1040 million.

So net of level 3 assets the fund gained $1107 million (1389 - 282) on $8387 million (9427-1040) of assets. That is a return of 13.2 percent.

Again this compares exceptionally favourably to the relevant indices.

	2011
S&P 500 Total Return (incl. Dividends)	8.1%
MSCI Global ex US	-7.3%
Barcap iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bonds	15.4%
Barcap iShares 3-7 Year Treasury Bonds	2.2%
Barcap iShares Short Treasury Bonds	0.0%
Barcap Intermediate Investment Grade	-0.5%
iShares 10+ Year Investment Grade	9.4%
SPDR Barclays High Yield Bonds	-4.7%
PIMCO Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	2.2%
Ishares iBoxx Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	2.1%

To get these sort of numbers your portfolio needs to be full of very long-dated bonds. This was after all the year that the long-end yield collapsed. Moreover the best returns from the previous two years were in emerging markets. They were not good in the year to October 2011. The bonds scored 4 percent but the equities were -7.

The asset mix (also disclosed in the 10K) was not much changed.

There is so much alpha generated in these three years I would create insane jealousy amongst my readers if I were to calculate it. But if a masochist wants to work it out (and hence make themselves feel inadequate) go right ahead.

Prior evidence of genius

These returns are startlingly good. And it is not the first time - indeed it is the continuation of a trend. The 2007 form 10K reveals the genius in full flight...

In the beginning of fiscal 2008 (meaning November 2007) the HP fund moved almost entirely to bonds as per this (contemporaneous) quote:

In the beginning of fiscal 2008, we implemented a liability-driven investment strategy for the U.S. defined benefit pension plan, which will be frozen by December 31, 2007 and is currently overfunded. As part of the strategy, we have transitioned our equity allocation to predominantly fixed income assets. The expected return on the plan assets, used in calculating the net benefit cost, has been reduced from 8.3% to 6.3% for fiscal 2008 to reflect the changes in our asset allocation policy. Our medical cost trend assumptions are developed based on historical cost data, the near-term outlook and an assessment of likely long-term trends. Actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and are amortized generally over the estimated future working life of the plan participants.

Moving your equity portfolio almost entirely to bonds at the peak of the market is inspired. Gretchen Tai in the press downplays the genius:

"To be honest, we weren’t timing the market. HP had decided to freeze the U.S. DB plan, which at the time was 106% funded and, as a result, we decided with our senior management that an immunization strategy was the right strategy going forward even with pension expense considerations; so, in November 2007, we decided to move out of public equities and into fixed-income and hedged out interest-rate exposure 100%. Although it wasn’t our main consideration, timing of the strategy was fortunate: We were not only able to maintain our funding status through the financial crisis, but also it improved significantly due to strong returns from fixed-income portfolios as well as the interest-rate hedges.

This is the sort of out-there-genius moves that I would not even believe unless it was stated contemporaneously and backed by great numbers. But it was stated contemporaneously. [The 2008 returns were not so brilliant though - but they included the EDS plan that was acquired just before the peak of the crisis. Gretchen Tai can't be held responsible for that.]

Chief Investment Officer magazine clearly knows the important talent they had when they interviewed Ms Tai. She warrants a flattering cartoon of her dressed as some kind of post-modern superhero leader:

How does Gretchen Tai do it?

I can't find anywhere a detailed disclosure of the assets held by the Hewlett Packard defined benefit plan. However Hewlett Packard has moved most of the management of the defined contribution plan in house. This is mentioned in the above mentioned press article where she compares the returns of defined benefit plans (mostly good) to defined contribution plans (mostly poor) and says that the difference is professional management. To quote:

We also manage the company’s DC plan. HP again is being really progressive here. Marketwide, defined benefit plan returns are so much better than defined contribution returns in historical performance—mostly because you have professionals looking after DB assets, and not looking after DC plans. With $15 billion in U.S. 401(k) assets, however, we really want a fresh eye on the plan—we want it to be world class. To do this, we’ve tried to eliminate mutual funds from the investment options, to lower fees. You won’t see brand name mutual funds in our plans—we want participants to focus much more on asset allocation decisions than picking mutual fund managers. Because our plan is so large, we often can use a custom fund-of-funds approach for each offering—which allows our participants to get the benefits of diversification without doing a lot of work."

There are clearly a bunch of fund managers Gretchen outsources to - but not "brand name mutual funds". Hewlett Packard also bought the defined contribution plans of EDS in house (which saved money). To quote another press article:

HP officials spent the time in between not only analyzing the elements of both DC plans but also developing a strategy to reduce costs, consolidate record keepers and reduce redundant options. 

HP has achieved “significant savings” by consolidating providers and using the combined plan's size to negotiate lower fees, said Ms. Tai, who declined to quantify the savings. For some investment options, Ms. Tai said HP uses the same managers for its DC plan as its defined benefit plan, but she declined to identify the managers or the assets they manage.

It is a pity she "declined to identify the managers or the assets they manage". I am sure many of my readers would love to know how to find asset managers like that.

However the defined contribution plan publishes a form 11-K - which details the portfolio and the returns on it. Unfortunately that has a December balance date and so the numbers are not strictly comparable.

That defined benefit plan - for the year ended December 2011 - had almost $14 billion in assets available for distribution:


But the returns were negative as per the following table:

We have $558 million of negative returns on $14195 million of starting assets. That is roughly minus 3.9 percent.

There are a few obvious differences. The defined contribution fund contained $561 million in Hewlett Packard shares which were a very poor performer. They moved from roughly $42 to roughly $27. That alone would account for roughly half the loss - but can't account for anything like the difference in performance.

The difference in balance date clearly accounts for much more. For instance the S&P returns for the year until October 2011 were 8.1 percent. They were only 2.1 percent in the year until December. The 20 year bond was 15.4 percent in the year until October. It was 28.8 percent in the year until December.

Lower equity returns clearly matter as the defined contribution fund was carrying 4 billion in direct equity investments (a very long list indeed) and another few billion in indirect equities (mostly index funds).

The higher long-bond returns clearly don't matter much as the fund is strangely bereft of long bonds - carrying huge amounts of mortgaged backed paper (mostly Fannies, Freddies, Ginnies etc).

In other words the defined contribution fund was not as well positioned as the defined benefit funds and did not perform as well, and I can't use the defined contribution fund to solve the question of how Gretchen Tai does it.

The Ford fund as a comparison

Here are the Ford returns for calendar 2009 (from the 2009 year form 10K):

		Pension Benefits
		U.S. Plans								Non-U.S. Plans								Worldwide OPEB
		2009				2008				2009				2008				2009				2008
Change in Plan Assets (a)
Fair value of plan assets at January 1		$	37,381			$	45,696			$	14,707			$	21,396			$	2,786			$	3,875
Actual return on plan assets			4,855				(4,480	)			1,692				(2,036	)			792				(1,011	)
Company contributions			136				138				968				1,209				—				—
Plan participant contributions			27				25				80				101				—				—
Benefits paid			(3,908	)			(3,960	)			(1,456	)			(1,380	)			(62	)			(77	)
Settlements			—				—				(1	)			(58	)			(3,517	)			—
Foreign exchange translation			—				—				1,581				(4,510	)			—				—
Divestiture			—				—				—				(3	)			—				—
Other			(34	)			(38	)			(7	)			(12	)			1				(1	)
Fair value of plan assets at December 31

In that year Ford produced $4855 million on starting assets of $37381 million or 13.1 percent. That is a long way below the 20.6 percent produced by Hewlett Packard in their 2009 year.

Moreover Ford had the advantage this year of a December year end (and thus includes less of the crisis and more of the recovery in their numbers). This advantage is offset by the very weak long bond at the end of calendar 2009 as the money-printing inflation fear was peaking.

Ford also gives us an asset-mix disclosure for the US fund. It is actually fairly similar to HP (but carries more detail):

U.S. Plans		2009
		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Asset Category
Equity
U.S. companies		$	8,675			$	26			$	15			$	8,716
International companies			8,413				48				92				8,553
Commingled funds			—				386				3				389
Derivative financial instruments (a)			(1	)			—				—				(1	)
Total equity			17,087				460				110				17,657
Fixed Income
U.S. government			2,340				—				—				2,340
Government-sponsored enterprises (b)			—				1,310				7				1,317
Government – non-U.S.			—				449				256				705
Corporate bonds (c)
Investment grade			—				8,403				85				8,488
High yield			—				1,152				15				1,167
Other credit			—				33				21				54
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed			—				1,488				278				1,766
Commingled funds			—				338				—				338
Derivative financial instruments (a)			(8	)			(149	)			(42	)			(199	)
Total fixed income			2,332				13,024				620				15,976
Alternatives
Private equity (d)			—				—				1,005				1,005
Hedge funds (e)			—				—				1,986				1,986
Real estate (f)			—				—				1				1
Total alternatives			—				—				2,992				2,992
Cash and cash equivalents (g)			7				1,864				—				1,871
Other (h)			(62	)			26				(3	)			(39	)
Total assets at fair value		$	19,364			$	15,374			$	3,719			$	38,457

_______

That is about 45 percent equities - slightly more than HP - which should be favourable to returns because equities were the better performing asset class.

Here are the returns for the 2009 calendar year of various indices to compare:

	2009
S&P 500 Total Return (incl. Dividends)	26.5%
MSCI Global ex US	37.4%
Barcap iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bonds	-24.7%
Barcap iShares 3-7 Year Treasury Bonds	-4.7%
Barcap iShares Short Treasury Bonds	-0.2%
Barcap Intermediate Investment Grade	7.3%
SPDR Barclays High Yield Bonds	19.8%
Ishares iBoxx Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	2.5%

Equities gave 30ish percent (depending on the percentage that was foreign), junk bonds about 20 percent, corporates about 7 percent and longer treasuries were sharply negative the Ford return of 13 percent seems about right. Nothing special - but certainly not bad.

Ford's 2010 year looks considerably better than benchmark at Ford:

	Pension Benefits
		U.S. Plans								Non-U.S. Plans								Worldwide OPEB
		2010				2009				2010				2009				2010				2009
Change in Plan Assets (a)
Fair value of plan assets at January 1		$	38,457			$	37,381			$	17,556			$	14,702			$	—			$	2,786
Actual return on plan assets			5,115				4,855				1,487				1,695				—				792
Company contributions			135				136				1,236				962				—				—
Plan participant contributions			23				27				47				80				—				—
Benefits paid			(3,704	)			(3,908	)			(1,281	)			(1,456	)			—				(62	)
Settlements			—				—				—				(1	)			—				(3,517	)
Foreign exchange translation			—				—				(356	)			1,581				—				—
Divestiture			—				—				(66	)			—				—				—
Other			(66	)			(34	)			(8	)			(7	)			—				1
Fair value of plan assets at December 31		$	39,960			$	38,457			$	18,615			$	17,556			$	—			$	—

Starting assets were $38457 million and actual returns were $5,115 million. That is 13.3 percent.

In this case some of the returns are attributed to gains on Level 3 assets. There is a table of these which shows that at the beginning of 2010 there were $3719 in level 3 assets. The gains on these were 522 of gains on them . Net of this the portfolio produced $4593 million (5115-522) in gains on $34738 million (38457-3719) in assets. That is still a respectable 13.2 percent.

My usual indices show that this is indeed a very fine return:

S&P 500 Total Return (incl. Dividends)	15.1%
MSCI Global ex US	8.4%
Barcap iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bonds	4.7%
Barcap iShares 3-7 Year Treasury Bonds	4.1%
Barcap iShares Short Treasury Bonds	0.0%
Barcap Intermediate Investment Grade	2.4%
iShares 10+ Year Investment Grade	4.9%
SPDR Barclays High Yield Bonds	2.3%
Ishares iBoxx Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	4.1%

However you could still get 20 plus percent returns out of emerging markets during that time.

The 2011 returns for Ford are more modest. The usual table from the 10K shows $2887 million in gains on $39960 in starting assets for the US fund - a fairly modest 7.2 percent.

Here are the index returns for this year:

	2011
S&P 500 Total Return (incl. Dividends)	2.1%
MSCI Global ex US	-16.1%
Barcap iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bonds	28.8%
Barcap iShares 3-7 Year Treasury Bonds	6.4%
Barcap iShares Short Treasury Bonds	0.0%
Barcap Intermediate Investment Grade	1.9%
iShares 10+ Year Investment Grade	11.4%
SPDR Barclays High Yield Bonds	-3.2%
PIMCO Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	1.9%
Ishares iBoxx Investment Grade Corporate Bonds	4.9%

If you avoided global equities and were long some duration you did well that year. Pension funds are naturally long duration. That said Ford's performance was within the expected range (maybe light if you expected them to hold duration).

Summary

Gretchen Tai and Hewlett Packard perform much better than you would expect given the diversity of their portfolio. Gretchen Tai really is one of the great undiscovered asset managers.

I am looking forward to the filing of another Hewlett Packard form 10K (due within days) to find out what Ms Tai has been up to this year.





John

Trust me - I run a pyramid marketing scheme

This is a straight tip. I am slow to it - but go read Roddy Boyd's piece at the Southern Investigative Reporting Foundation. It is two weeks old - but hey - its good fun.

And now my review:

Multi-level marketing schemes are a highly profitable business for those running them. If you manage to get two to twenty thousand people selling things to their friends and giving you a cut you are going to get rich.

The road to those riches are laced with the dreams of all the people who hold tupperware or candle parties or even worse - sell weight loss schemes or insurance.

Listed multi-level marketing schemes (such as Nu-Skin) are a really strange investment. The basic proposition is that they offer investors is the claim they have a really profitable businesses conning people out of their money and getting them to cash in their friendships.

The pitch summarises: I am a crook but you can trust me. I am your crook.

That is a surprisingly common pitch in financial markets. Chinese property developers listed in Hong Kong make the same pitch - but in their case the pitch is that I am a guy with lots of guanxi. I can get a property forcibly acquired from peasants at a deflated price and have it rezoned high rise. And I can thus make a profit. But I don't have the money to develop it - so you - dear Hong Kong investor can help me out. You see I am a crook - but you can trust me. I am your crook.

It rarely ends well. The last person they always screw is the bag-holder with the equity.

Shorting multi-level marketing schemes or for that matter Hong Kong property developers however is an exercise in painful endurance. Stalingrad gets mentioned.

You can even get a real one - one that does distribute some of the loot to shareholders and can survive a long time (Avon, Tupperware). Some of the products even become respectable. [I used to share house with a lesbian Avon lady who was the best sales woman in Australia. And was surprisingly respectable to boot. And she never tried to sell me make-up.]

Spectrum: At one end there is Avon. Cosmetics are a product that overtly sell a dream and it is hard to argue anyone is defrauded.

At the other there is insurance and weight loss products.

Roddy takes us through ViSalus - the best weight-loss product MLM I have ever seen. And there are a lot of them. And he shows us some over-the-top sales techniques with sales people who look like models and party like rock stars.

And it is a good story - but I keep coming back to Mediolanum (an Italian insurance company). Nobody has ever beaten the sales culture of that place. I met Ennio Doris (the CEO) once with his not one but two beautiful translators. Life is good at the top of a sales machine.

This video is funny. But it is really funny when you realize that this is the boss of an insurance company trying (successfully) to excite a bunch of insurance salesmen. [If you have a higher resolution copy of this video please send...]



If this video is a guide then ViSalus could go for a very long time.


J

Celebrating the impending birth of the future King or Queen of Australia

Today I woke to the joyous news that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are expecting a baby.

The offspring will (possibly depending on gender) be the future Head of State of Australia.

Elizabeth R currently fulfils that role.

For my non-Australian readers - who are likely unfamiliar with Australian constitutional arrangements I should note that Australia is - like Great Britain - a monarchy - and we have the Queen's handsome profile on our coins.

Her Majesty the Queen's full title in Australia is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth".

Similar constitutional arrangements apply in other former colonies of the British Empire including our near neighbour Papua New Guinea. There Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth is known in the pidgin language of Tok Pisin as 'Missis Kwin', and as 'Mama belong big family'.

My joy at the birth of our future monarch will (naturally enough) be repeated throughout the world. In Papua for instance the baby will further improve Elizabeth's claim to the title "Mama belong big family".

And that is indeed good news.




John
God Save the Queen, Queen of Australia